The ecological and social roles of red pine (Pinus resinosa) in Michigan are complex and interesting. It occurs in a range of natural community types but has also served as an important tool for restoring millions of acres following the destructive harvest of most of Michigan forests in the late 1800s. However, the pattern of timber harvest, the reproductive strategy of red pine, and the prevalence of plantations has caused our understanding of the species to be obscured. During the growing season of 2023, we surveyed several natural red pine stands on state land in Michigan’s central Upper Peninsula to understand herbaceous composition, demographics, variability, threats, and management strategies for the highest quality sites. This talk will explore the results of our ecological surveys, the range of habitats that red pine occurs in, features of old growth trees, concerning trends in red pine management, and approaches for managing the few remaining areas of natural red pine.